Class Actions Brief Blog

As class action litigation under ERISA continues its upward trend across the country, could Article III standing serve as a means through which a Court can fairly assess claims before costly discovery is imposed on defendants and judicial resources are expended? Several recent federal court decisions suggest as much.

ERISA, which provides protection to employees who participate in employee benefit plans, confers statutory standing on plan participants and beneficiaries to seek relief against their benefit plans as well as fiduciaries of these plans in federal court. Although ...

This post concerns a recurring topic in class-action practice: how a party—through its own litigation conduct—can waive its right to arbitrate.

The topic warrants attention, or at least came to our attention, because of a recent decision from a federal appellate court. The case, called Morgan v. Sundance, Inc., is a putative nationwide collective action filed under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

The defendant (Sundance) owns Taco Bell franchises in multiple states. The plaintiff (Robyn Morgan) worked at a Sundance restaurant in Iowa. She has accused Sundance of not paying her ...

It appears that the answer may be yes. In 2017, the General Assembly amended G.S. § 7A-27 to permit defendants to take interlocutory appeals from orders granting class certification. Prior to the amendment, plaintiffs could pursue interlocutory appeals from orders denying class certification, but defendants had no reciprocal right of appeal.

As amended, section 7A-27(a) states that “[a]ppeal lies of right directly to the Supreme Court” from “any trial court’s decision regarding class action certification under G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 23.” It also states that appeal lies of ...

There are 7 justices on the North Carolina Supreme Court, and 4 are required to constitute a quorum. But what if 5 of the 7 justices have a family history of public service that could prevent them from hearing an appeal?

In Lake v. State Health Plan for Teachers & State Employees, 852 S.E.2d 888 (N.C. 2021), a class of over 220,000 members (or their estates) of the North Carolina Teachers’ and State Employees’ Retirement System spanning over two decades challenged a law requiring them to pay a premium to obtain health insurance coverage. The retirees prevailed at the trial court level ...

House Bill 239, which reduces the number of judges on the North Carolina Court of Appeals and provides for direct appeals of decisions regarding class action certification to the North Carolina Supreme Court, is now law. On April 26, the General Assembly voted to override Governor Cooper’s veto, and the bill has been enacted as Session Law 2017-7.

Our earlier analysis of the law did not address when the provision regarding appeals of class certification decisions would become effective. Similar legislative changes have generally informed practitioners and courts that they ...

Governor Cooper vetoed House Bill 239 on April 21, rejecting the General Assembly’s effort to reduce the number of judges on the North Carolina Court of Appeals from 15 to 12. The bill has been quite controversial, and four former North Carolina Supreme Court justices have said it would “seriously harm our judicial system.”  Although the bill does not speak in partisan terms, its practical effect would be to prevent Governor Cooper from appointing three (or perhaps two) new judges to the Court of Appeals to replace Republican judges who will reach the mandatory retirement age ...

In this post we talk about two of our favorite things (relatively speaking): class actions and mootness.  We last looked at these issues when covering the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Campbell-Ewald Company v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663 (2016).  There, the Court rejected the defendant’s attempt to “pick off” the named plaintiff in a class action case.  The defendant had made a Rule 68 offer to settle the case for the full value of the plaintiff’s claim.  The plaintiff declined, but the defendant argued that its offer nonetheless mooted the claim.  The Supreme Court rejected that ...

As we explained in Part 1 of our analysis of Fisher v. Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative Stabilization Corporation, the North Carolina Supreme Court recently exercised jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal and affirmed the certification of a class of hundreds of thousands of current and former tobacco farmers. In the first part, we discussed the Court’s jurisdictional analysis and North Carolina’s unique approach to interlocutory appeals of class certification orders. In this post, we discuss the Court’s substantive analysis of the class certification issues.

The ...

In its last batch of opinions for 2016, the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the certification of a class of more than 800,000 tobacco farmers in Fisher v. Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative Stabilization Corp. Because Fisher raises a number of interesting class certification issues, and because the North Carolina Supreme Court rarely issues opinions addressing North Carolina Rule 23, we are covering the decision in two parts. In this installment, we provide the background of the case and address the Court’s decision to accept jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal. In ...

Last month, we previewed the challenge to a settlement of litigation involving the Reynolds-Lorillard merger. The Business Court has helpfully made available the transcript of the hearing on approval of the settlement, which took place on February 12. At the hearing, the Court made clear that it was quite familiar with recent changes in merger litigation in Delaware, including the Trulia case, and stated that it was reviewing the settlement under “strict scrutiny,” not a “rubber stamp standard.” Notwithstanding a shareholder objection supported by Professor Sean ...

Can a class action settlement agreement contain a fee-shifting provision that provides for a payment of attorneys’ fees? In a question of first impression, the North Carolina Court of Appeals said yes, subject to a trial court’s approval of the settlement at a fairness hearing.

In the long-running Ehrenhaus v. Baker case, the Plaintiff brought a class action challenging the merger of Wells Fargo and Wachovia. The parties ultimately entered into a settlement agreement that also provided for a payment of attorneys’ fees to Plaintiff’s counsel. The trial court approved the ...

On March 3, 2015, Judge Michael O’Foghludha, a Rule 2.1 judge appointed to hear the controversy, granted a motion to certify a class of state magistrates serving between 2009 and 2014. Adams v. State, No. 14-CVS-15027 (Wake Cnty. N.C. Super. Ct. Mar. 3, 2015). The principal common issues appear to be whether a statutory “step increase” in pay became a part of the individual employment contracts of the magistrates and whether the State could suspend these step increases without incurring liability. The certification order affects approximately 650 magistrates.

In its ...

In two recent studies of shareholder class actions over corporate mergers, the authors reached conclusions consistent with our experience with such cases in North Carolina: that nearly every acquisition of a public company results in shareholder litigation. The Cornerstone Research report found that 93% of public company acquisitions were challenged. Takeover Litigation in 2014, a separate study by Matthew Cain of the SEC and Steven Solomon of UC Berkeley, found that 94.9 of deals were challenged. (The two studies used slightly different cutoffs for their samples.)

Both ...

The North Carolina Business Court has seemed to settle upon a methodology in approving “disclosure only” settlements in merger cases. Following Judge Gale’s decision in In re Harris Teeter Merger Litigation, Judge Bledsoe certified a non-opt-out settlement class last week in In re PokerTek Merger Litigation, No. 14-CVS-105679 (Jan. 22, 2015), observing that such classes have become the norm both in Business Court and in Delaware. The key to such certification, as Judge Bledsoe observed, was that the case involve predominantly “equitable claims,” rather than claims ...

The North Carolina Business Court today rebuffed an attempt by “self-pay” patients receiving emergency treatment to challenge the hospital’s charges on a class-wide basis. In Hefner et al. v. Mission Hospital Inc., et al., No. 12-CVS-3088 (N.C. Business Court Dec. 8, 2014), Judge Gale found that there “is a panoply of potential issues factoring into the ultimate questions of reasonableness [of patient charges] because every patient treated at Mission received different services and was billed for different amounts.” A key consideration in deciding whether to ...

In a previous post, we reported on Judge Jolly’s certification of a class of tobacco farmers suing a tobacco marketing cooperative in a Rule 2.1 case. The defendants have since appealed Judge Jolly’s decision to the North Carolina Court of Appeals.

On October 10, the North Carolina Supreme Court took the unusual step of certifying the case for review decision by the Court of Appeals. In fact, the case was not even fully briefed in the Court of Appeals. The case was part of a group of civil cases that the Supreme Court took from the Court of Appeals, as reported by the Raleigh News & ...

A recurrent question under Rule 23 is whether and when individual issues pertaining to damages can engulf otherwise common questions and make class litigation unwieldy. The dilemma is clear: On the one hand, doesn’t it make sense to try the common liability issue once rather than over and over again? On the other hand, trying a bunch of individual damages issues, that differ from plaintiff to plaintiff, doesn’t sound either like class litigation or a model of efficiency. The United States Supreme Court, in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, has emphasized that lack of commonality in ...

In a decision filed today, the North Carolina Court of Appeals held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to certify a class of Currituck County property owners upset about an easement affecting their coastal property. After observing that denial of class certification affects a substantial right, the Court upheld the trial court’s findings that the Parker’s Landing Property Owners’ Association Inc. (“POA”), the putative class representative, had a conflict with the members of the class and had not shown that “it would be impractical to join ...

The so-called “Northern Beltway” around Winston-Salem – in part from litigation efforts and in part from lack of funding – has never really gotten off the ground. But property owners whose land and homes are affected by the future project complained that the State’s actions in putting them on the map for the roadway constitute a “taking” under inverse condemnation principles. And they brought a multi-count class action challenging the DOT’s actions. The trial court denied class certification, and a unanimous Court of Appeals affirmed in Beroth Oil Company v. NC ...

Funds from a class action settlement are generally distributed to class members. But in some cases, not all funds are claimed. In others, it may not even be possible or practical to distribute any funds to individual class members. A “cy pres” distribution is one way of dealing with this issue. The concept comes from trust law and means “as near as possible.” The goal of a cy pres settlement is to distribute funds in a way that indirectly benefits the class members.

Last fall, the issue of “cy pres” settlements got some press when Chief Justice Robert issued a warning note about ...

In recent companion decisions, the North Carolina Court of Appeals had to decide whether a governing North Carolina Supreme Court decision concerning class actions had to yield to a decision of the United States Supreme Court.

A contract is generally governed by state law, but when that contract includes an arbitration clause, the provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act come into play. The United States Supreme Court has wrestled with the intersection of the arbitration-friendly FAA and state law contractual defenses against contractual enforcement – like ...